A life beyond Earth

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A life beyond Earth

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Contents

Executive Summary & Introduction

1. Structural Design

1.0 Exterior Design

1.1 Construction Process

2. Operations and Infrastructure

2.0 Air

2.1 Artificial Gravity

2.2 Agricultural Torus

2.3 Food Production

2.4 Water Management

2.5 Transport

2.6 Mining

2.7 Thrusters

2.8 The Aerofarm: The Farm of the Future

3. Human Factors and Safety

3.0 Population Dynamics

3.1 Safety

3.2 Communication

3.3 Hygiene

3.4 Recycling

3.5 Spacesuits

3.6 Energy Production

3.7 Vitamin D Production

3.8 Administrative Chip: LaBit

3.9 Health and Medical

3.10 Education

3.11 Entertainment

4. Schedule and Cost

4.0 Schedule

4.1 Cost

4.2 Government and Law

5. A life beyond Earth

6. Picture Index

7. Bibliography

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INTRODUCTION

As Neil Armstrong once said, “One small step for man, a giant leap for mankind.” This to the context

of exploring the unknown, and the question about the far beyond, can be answered only one by one.

The human world aims to learn, grow, and educate about the unexplored. Months of heavy research

building up to the moment, where the spacecraft ascends beyond the realms of human research.

Breaths being held until it reaches the destination. That, being only the beginning. That makes

mankind one step closer to their answers.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• Lazarus was the man Jesus had revived from the dead. Thus, Lazarus means ‘to revive’ or ‘to

wake one who was thought to be dead’. Our main aim is to revive Earth’s twin, better known

as Venus.

• The location of our settlement is in the Venus orbit. This is the most suitable location

considering the objective of the settlement.

• The main objective of the project being Aerofarming, this activity of farming in space will take

place 50 kilometres above the Venus surface.

• The aerofarm will be similar to a floating greenhouse but appropriate to the conditions of the

surroundings. It will have an area of 2500m

for plants to grow, enabling experimentation and

observation of the reaction of the plants to the surroundings.

• Plants being the start of the observation and inhabitation, further aiming to add a human

colony above the Venus surface.

• The primary source of energy on Lazarus will be obtained from the monocrystalline solar

panels and from the fusion reactor using deuterium.

• Mining on the asteroids will be done with the help of well-engineered drones.

• Lazarus is a two-torus settlement consisting of residential and commercial spaces. The inner

torus will be commercial, consisting of agricultural spaces, growing all that is needed for

human survival. The residential torus holds the necessary luxury, comfort and sustainable

living space to best mimic Earth.

• The requirement for Vitamin D will be fulfilled through a supply of mushrooms, fish-oil

supplements and from the UV-B lamps

• The communication satellites will connect Lazarus to Earth as well as other settlements

nearby.

• The unique feature connecting the settlement and the aerofarm, will be the space elevator.

• Lazarus intends to have a maximum population of 750 people, bringing 550 in two phases of

275 each. People set to board the settlement will be picked on the basis of professional

qualifications, intellectual performance and adaptive capabilities.

• Infrastructure will be developed to keep the people in the settlement healthy both mentally

and physically. Socialising with the inhabitants of the settlement and the people on Earth will

be encouraged. Recreation and entertainment will help in one’s enjoyment at the settlement.

Activities impossible on Earth will be performed on the settlement and their greatest fantasies

come true.

• Lazarus aims to research beyond what is known and to let one’s curiosity guide them. It aims

to explore and find new solutions which were once thought to be impossible, such as utilising

carbon-dioxide from the Venus atmosphere in aerofarms for photosynthesis and eventually

starting a floating colony above the Venus surface. Just as the people were sure that Jesus

could not revive Lazarus; that it was impossible, it became possible; hoping the same for the

Earth’s twin.

This is the Lazarus mission - https://youtu.be/Iw25Y8zVmFE

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1.0 EXTERIOR DESIGN

A carefully designed sphere sits atop a pair of concentric torii, held at axis by a support rod. The

sphere, meant primarily for storage and manufacture and generate energy via solar panels on

the outside. Moving down, the outer torus is purely residential, holding living quarters and

commercial spaces for the people

Lazarus takes along. The inner torus is industrial, reserved solely for laboratories and agricultural

purposes. Thrusters at the base of the settlement keep it in place, and it does not rotate, barring

the torii. The settlement is also designed to dock and tether spacecraft.

ORTHODOX VIEW 3/4TH VIEW TOP VIEW

Fig. 1.0.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh and Ananya Phanse on Blender

Fig. 1.0.2 Created by Arinjay Ghosh and Ananya Phanse on Blender

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1.0.1 THE SPHERE

The sphere contains storage space, and is the main manufacturing unit of the settlement.

Sphere: Radius = 95m

3 sectors (⅜): Manufacturing –

Aerofarm Manufacturing (phase 2)

Venus Floating City (phase 3)

Domestic (Clothes, etc)

1 sector (⅛): Storage -

Space Suit

Medicine

Material

1 sector Entertainment

1 sector Fusion Energy + Battery (for electricity

storage)

1 sector Escape (Rescue)

1 sector Active Equipment Storage (Drone,

rover, etc)

(It will not be divided externally as shown, but is done here

for easy understanding.)

Fig 1.0.1.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh and Ananya Phanse on Blender

1.0.2 RESIDENTIAL TORUS

The outer torus holds residential and commercial spaces, complete with offices, recreational

spaces and the essentials – law and order system, schools, hospitals and living quarters, with

space for transportation, recreation and outdoor gyms. It is divided into five sectors.

Fig 1.0.2.1 Created by Ananya Phanse on MS Paint

1.0.3 THE APARTMENTS

1 Bedroom Apartments (1BH):

Area of 1BH – 7.5 x 7.5

=56.25m

Number of houses in a building – 8

Number of buildings per sector – 5

Total number of houses in a sector - 40

Area of 1 building (ground level; without skirting) –

225 m

360 m

with skirting

Total area of housing (2 storeyed) = 720m

Fig 1.0.3.1 Created by Ananya Phanse on Coohom

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2 Bedroom Apartments:

1 Sector has 2 buildings, and there are 8 two-

bedroom apartments per building, consisting

of 20-25 people.

Area of 1 building = 452 m

Total area = 452 *2 =904m^2

2BH: 8.5 x 8.5 = 72.25

1 building without skirting: 289

8 flats in a building

Fig 1.0.3.2 Created by Ananya Phanse on Coohom

3 Bedroom Apartments:

1 Sector has 2 buildings, and there are 4

three-bedroom apartments per building,

consisting of 15-18 people.

Area of 1 building = 360 m^2

Total no of flats in 3 BH = 4 flats

Area of 1 = 15*7.5 = 112.5 m^2 Building

with skirting= 225 m^2

Total area = 360 * 2= 720 m^2

Fig 1.0.3.3 Created by Ananya Phanse on Coohom

TOTAL HOUSING AREA 3424 m^2

1 sector will house 150 people.

• Cafeteria: = 140 m^2

• Park = 674 m^2

Gym

Playground

Open area

• Recycling – (98m^2)

• 1/10th of the torus surface area = 4986

• torus surface area = 49860 m^2 (Resi)

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1.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Addition of vertical axis 3

and

year

Addition of horizontal axis- 4

and

year

Addition of agricultural torus- 6

, 7

, 8

, and

year

Simultaneously, addition of residential

torus- 7

, 8

, 9

, 10

and 11

year

Addition of thrusters- 12

and 13

year

Addition of sphere and main thrusters along

with transport tubes 14

and 15

year

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Table 1.1.1 GANTT CHART Created by Vrinda Charkha on Microsoft Excel

1.1.1 MATERIALS

1.1.1.1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

MATERIALS

REASONING

Carbon fibre

High tensile strength, high stiffness, high melting point, thermal

stability

Carbon nanotubes

High tensile strength, high stiffness, temperature stability

Dyneema

High tensile strength, shock resistance, heavy use

Tantalum Hafnium Carbide

Alloy

Can withstand extreme temperatures

Silica Aerogel

Insulation properties

Graphene

Lightweight, high tensile strength, EM radiation proof

Titanium-Aluminium alloys

High tensile strength, lightweight, corrosion and temperature

resistance

Silicon Bucky Structures

Insulation properties

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1.1.1.2 THICKNESS, SIGNIFICANCE AND REASONING

SIGNIFICANCE

[outer to inner]

MATERIALS

THICKNESS

Meteorite shielding

Dyneema

Carbon Fibre

35cm

40cm

Structural

Tantalum Hafnium Carbide Alloy

75cm

Radiation

Graphene

75cm

Structural

Carbon Fibre

Nanotubes

37.5cm

Insulation

Silica Aerogel

Silicon Bucky Structures

20cm

55cm

Structural

Titanium-Aluminium alloys

75cm

ADHESIVE

30cm of adhesive between each layer

Graphite epoxy

Silicone

Cyanoacrylate

10 cm

Total

600cm

1.1.1.3 LAYERING

Layered based on durability, strength and space radiation protection.

Fig 1.1.1.1 Created by Anushka Thakar via Canva

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OPERATIONS AND

INFRASTRUCTURE

2.0 AIR

2.0.1 Air composition -

Oxygen supports combustion and is

flammable, thus the percentage of oxygen has

been reduced in the air composition of

Lazarus (from 21% on earth) to 19.5%. Under

19.5% could pose a threat to humans and

over it would make it prone to flame, making it

a hazard on the settlement.

Fig 2.0.1.1 Created by Vrinda Charkha on Google Sheets

2.0.2 Humidity-

Humidity on Lazarus will be at 25-30% to ensure good health and keep the settlement cool. To

maintain the humidity on the settlement, we will be using humidifiers and dehumidifiers.

2.0.3 GAS PRODUCTION

The water produced at the end of the sewage purification system will be used for electrolysis. The

water formed can be divided to

produce hydrogen and oxygen

separately using electrolysis.

The reaction of electrolysis = 2H20 (l) +

electrical energy → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g).

With the hydrogen obtained it can be

combined with carbon dioxide to

produce methane and water (Sabatier

reaction).

Methane will be separated into Carbon

and H

continue as a loop as

carbon can be used for water

purification or can be disposed off.

The extra oxygen is stored and sent to

the agricultural torus after the LED

lights are switched off and when the

plants take in oxygen as well.

Fig 2.0.3.1 Created by Vrinda Charkha on MS Paint

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2.1 ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY

Conventionally gravity is produced by any object that has mass, but we cannot produce such gravity

on our settlement. For such cases there is another method by which gravity can be produced

artificially. Lazarus will be using centripetal force to achieve artificial gravity.

“Angular Velocity

The cross-coupling of normal head rotations with the habitat rotation can lead to dizziness and motion

sickness. To minimise this cross-coupling, the habitat’s angular velocity will be lowered.

Tangential Velocity

When matter moves within a rotating habitat, it is subjected to Coriolis accelerations that distort the

acceleration which is twice the ratio of the relative velocity to the habitat’s tangential velocity. To

minimise this ratio, maximise the habitat’s tangential velocity.

Centripetal acceleration

The centripetal acceleration must have some minimum value to offer any practical advantage over

weightlessness. One common criterion is to provide adequate floor traction. For reasons of cost as

well as comfort, the maximum should not exceed 1g.”

Angular velocity:

Radius =R= 95 metres

Centripetal acceleration : A = 1g

Tangential Velocity: V= 35.01 metres/second

Angular velocity: ⍵ = 16.048 degree/second = 2.675 rotations per minute (rpm)

* credit -

https://www.artificial-gravity.com/sw/SpinCalc/

2.2 AGRICULTURAL TORUS

2.2.1 EXTERIOR OF AGRICULTURAL TORUS

The inner torus contains laboratories,

and crops that are needed for the

people's survival. All are automated, no

people enter this torus, eliminating any

dangers of human error and

contamination.

AREA

Radius (Total) = 50m

R=48m (major radius)

r=2m (minor radius)

Area = 3789.93m

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2.2.3 INTERIOR OF THE AGRICULTURAL TORUS

Fig 2.2.3.1 Created by Anushka Thakar on

2.2.3.1 LABORATORIES AND FUNCTIONS

LAB

FUNCTION

Tissue culture - Meat production, Bananas, etc

Genetic engineering:

1. High - Iron Beans

2. Vitamin A - Potatoes

3. Vitamin E - Rich Maize

Sweet potato + Peanut (nutrients will be mixed to create a yield with best of both - high

carbohydrate and protein content)

Nutrient mixing; the nutrient medium will be mixed in this lab and sent to the foggers in

the crop section of the torus. 2 mediums -

1. NPK 14-18-38

Calcium Nitrate

Growth checking; examination of charts and statistics to monitor crop health and

growth will be done here.

Harvesting; crops are harvested with the help of robots \in this lab and sent to the

residential torus via the inner transport tubes.

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Fogger systems in the middle of the crops enable them to get necessary nutrients to flourish.

These fogger systems are automated, turning on in fixed time intervals and providing the fields

with a nutrient medium, a combination of everything necessary for the crops to thrive.

Fig 2.2.3.2 Created by Anusha Thakar on Canva Fig 2.2.3.3

Credit:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming

2.3 FOOD PRODUCTION

Fogponics are a subset of aeroponics.

This is because the water and nutrient mix can be fully controlled, catering to the plant’s needs.

2.3.1 METHOD OF CROP GROWTH

Fogponics will be put into use for growth of the crops. This technology gives high yield with less

space.

• Water consumption is greatly reduced to about 98% when compared to conventional

methods.

• Higher consumption of oxygen is achieved under aeroponic conditions, thereby enhancing

plant growth.

• Being independent of external temperature conditions, in this method plants can be grown

throughout the year. Grown under clean and controlled conditions, the

harvests from this method are highly fresh and organic.

• The soilless cultivation method provides no home for pests thereby, reducing the pesticide

usage by 100%.

Fig. 2.3.1.1 Created by Anushka Thakar on Canva

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2.3.2 NUTRIENT MEDIUM

SOLUTION A

SOLUTION B

BASE

Water

COMPOSITION

NPK 14-18-38

Calcium Nitrate

WATER QUANTITY

250 ml of water

500 ml

DILUTION RATIO

2.5ml / litre / solution

2.3.3 CROPS GROWN

NAME

PROVIDED NUTRIENTS

REQUIREMENTS PER PERSON

PER MONTH

(in g)

Calorie per

100g

Lettuce

Calcium, potassium, high water content,

antioxidants

1165.2

Peppers

Vitamins C, B6, K1, E, A, potassium, folate

465

Chilli

Vitamins C, K1, B6, A, potassium, copper

111

101

Peas

Vitamins C, A, E, B, zinc, antioxidants

672

Radish

Calcium, potassium, antioxidants, natural

nitrates

0.06

Soybean

Potassium, high protein, carbohydrate

1050

446

Peanut

High-protein, fat, fibre, vitamin E, folate,

magnesium, copper

1260

567

Sweet potato

High protein, starchy, vitamins A, C,

manganese, anti cancer properties

3900

Beetroot

Fibre, folate, manganese, potassium, iron,

vitamin C

4080

Sweet corn

High fibre, antioxidant, sodium, potassium,

protein

1200

Brown rice

Carbohydrate, high fibre, fat, protein

120

111

Oats

Fibre, antioxidants, vitamin E, zinc, iron,

copper, manganese

7500

389

Banana (tissue

cultured)

Potassium, Vitamins B6, C, fibre,

manganese

3000

Apple

Vitamins C, E, fibre, antioxidant,

polyphenols

750

Peace Lily

Air purifying, breaking down and neutralising

toxic gases

[oxygen production only]

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2.3.4 Food Compacting

Food raw material produced in the agriculture torus will be freeze dried and compacted and stored. It

will be sent to the residential torus cafeterias where it will be rehydrated. It will bring down the amount

of space needed for storage & it can be used for increasing the shelf life of the food.

Meat produced via tissue culture will be irradiated (sterilised by ionisating radiation). Thus, it can be

stored for longer without getting spoiled.

2.3.5 Genetic Engineering

High - Iron Beans

Vitamin - A Sweet Potatoes

Vitamin - E Rich Maize

Sweet potato + Peanut (nutrients will be mixed to create a yield with best of both - high carbohydrate

and protein content)

2.3.6 LIGHT

Two wavelengths of light are used in the agricultural torus to enhance growth of crops -

Blue - 372 nm

Red - 626 nm

These two wavelengths of light, show maximum absorption for both chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B

types. Thus, these LEDs will be used in the agriculture torus to maximise energy absorption.

2.3.7 INTELLIGENT FOOD PROCESSOR

Massive processors will be used in the common cafeteria for the residential torus. The raw material

produced in the agricultural torus (vegetarian and non-vegetarian) will be transported to the cafeteria

in the residential torii using elevators. All the raw materials will be added to the processors. Residents

simply have to input whichever dish they want, and the printer will automatically print the dish and

then cook it using lasers.

2.4 WATER MANAGEMENT

2.4.1 USAGE

Settlement (for present 750 people)

Total amount for drinking per day = 2325 litres

Average = 3.2 litres per person

= 16,800 litres per week.

Cooking per person = 3 litres

= 15750 litres per week.

Average total water usage = 16800+15750

= 32550 litres per week

Aerofarm: Per week = 125 litres

2.4.2 PRODUCTION

Chemical combination

H2 and O2 can be chemically combined to produce water.

Sabatier reaction

Fig 2.4.2.1 Created by Anushka Thakar on Canva

The Sabatier reaction produces methane and water from a reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide

at elevated temperatures of 300-400°C and 3 Mpa of pressure and in the presence of catalyst nickel.

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Extraction from asteroids

We will mine water and minerals from asteroids using drones. Drones will be sent out from the

settlement to mine into the surface of the asteroid or comet. Asteroids crossing Venus's path-

Braille(1-2 km diameter), Apophis (370m diameter), Bennu (525m diameter), (870m diameter).

Comets crossing Venus- 73P/Schwachman Wachmann 3, Borrelli.

2.4.3 RECYCLING

Interstitial Condensation is the mechanism used to recycle water of the atmosphere in the settlement.

Condensed water will be processed along with the urine filtration tanks and be re-used in the

settlement.

Electronic waste from devices will be separated and then put into a heater which will heat at a

temperature of about 700°C helping to procure the materials back from the broken devices. The

waste separated by the magnetic separator will be put into the plastic waste section.

Plastic Waste obtained from the process will be used in manufacturing processes conducted in the

sphere.

Wet - organic waste will be used for agriculture fertilisation. Wet inorganic waste will be used for

recycling processes so there is 0% waste produced.

Fig.2.4.3.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh on Canva

Fig. 2.4.2.2 Created by Anushka Thakar on MS Paint and Canva

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2.5 TRANSPORT

2.5.1 INTERNAL TRANSPORT

Fig. 2.5.1.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh on Blender

Type

Use

Speed

Carriage

Pictorial Depiction

Cargo

Elevators

They will be used

to travel a little

long distance and

will enable the

passengers to

travel far

distances along

with luggage.

These elevators

will not be for daily

usage.

These

elevators

will travel

at a

speed

around 1

2-15 m/s.

880kgs

LENGTH: 6 METRES

BREADTH: 4 METRES

HEIGHT: 3.5 METRES

Passenger

Elevator

These elevators

will be for daily

use to travel close

distances which

cannot be walked

to but are not very

far.

One of such

elevators will be

used to transport

food from

agricultural torii to

the residential

torii.

These

elevators

will go at

a speed

of 7- 8

m/s.

470kgs

LENGTH: 14 METRES

BREADTH: 4 METRES

HEIGHT: 3 METRES

Axon

Short distance

public transport

used for short

distances using

The Axon app and

will be used daily.

kilometre

s per

hour at

maximum

280 kgs

maximum

LENGTH : 6 METRES

BREADTH: 1.5 METRES

HEIGHT : 2.5 METRES

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2.5.2 External Transport

2.5.2.1 Space Elevator

The space elevator will be attached to the surface of Venus at one point and the other point will be

balanced by a counter weight.(counter weight at Geo-Stationery Venus orbit).

It will function like any other elevator except it will work using ion thrusters. These ion thrusters will work

using electricity from the solar panels that will cover the whole elevator structure.

Using a counter weight it will rotate along with Venus.This Space Elevator will be bi-directional carrying

payload from delivered by the drones to the space elevator payload drop off zone which will then be carried

to the farm of the future.

It will also carry research bots to the surface of Venus.

The payload will have layers of protection.

Carriage Payload will be 0.75 metric tons due to the gridded - ion thrusters being only 8 metre square.

Distance between the counter weight and the space elevator is 8500 kilometres.

Speed of the gridded – ion thrusters will go at a speed of 50km/second.

Hence, the time taken from settlement to aerofarm will be 7 hours since the distance between the

settlement and the aerofarm is 350km.

Fig 2.5.2.1.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh on Blender

2.6 MINING

Mining asteroids will provide us with water and minerals, helping our settlement to function smoothly.

Mining of asteroids will be done with the help of drones. Each drone has a significant purpose and will

be equipped with important tools required to play its role. Each drone will be electrically powered and

will have batteries. They will also have Solar panels for generating solar energy storing it in the

battery.

The process of mining will take place as follows-

• The time when an asteroid is going to be at the least distance from our settlement will be

calculated by the scientists and researchers for drones to be sent out accordingly.

• Once the asteroid nears, the drones will match the velocity of the asteroid and the mining

drones will fix themselves onto the asteroid while the supply drones will latch themselves onto

the mining drones.

• The mining drone will have a dome made out of titanium, the whole dome will be made in

small sections, each joined to the other with joints (hinges). The whole structure will fold into

itself. Using this dome will prevent the loss of valuable minerals and other materials.

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• The mining drone will be equipped with a X Ray Spectrometer. An X Ray Spectrometer is a

tool which can be used for the characterization of materials.

This tool can help us to detect valuable minerals. Once it detects the minerals, the mining

drone will position itself and will start mining.

• The mining drone will have a latch on the top, which the supply drone will latch onto. The

supply drone will be cushioned internally with multi-layered foams so the minerals won’t be

damaged. Once the supply bot is full, the suction of the vacuum will cease. At this time the

supply drone will latch off the mining drone and return to the settlement. Another supply

drones will latch on to the mining drone and the process will start again. These drones need

to match the velocity of the asteroid and will move along with the asteroid.

• The mining drones will suck in the minerals along with few dust particles and gravel. In case

of mining water, a different drone, only for the collection of water will be sent out. As of today,

there is no technology allowing vacuum to suck in water. Although, by the time our settlement

starts functioning, a vacuum could be designed to suck in water.

• When the asteroid furthers from the settlement the mining drone will separate from the

asteroid and return to the settlement.

• On returning, the drones will directly be let into the settlement, and all the material will be

emptied from the drones.

• Again, drones equipped with X Ray spectrometer will segregate the minerals from the gravel.

It will be used to segregate valuable minerals from the rocks and gravel.

• The remaining and unnecessary debris may be transported to the aerofarm to be used as

manure for the soil and observing the reaction of the plants or it will be used for construction.

2.6.1 Docking Port

The docking port is located at the other end of the central axis.

They will have super-charging ports for our electricity powered drones for repetitive usage.

It will use the same principle of origami when it unfolds, so when a spacecraft, drone or space vehicle

will want to enter and dock inside our settlement, the docking holes will open up in a sliding manner

and fold into halves. The drones enter the docking ports. Electromagnetic-tethers will latch onto

strong Neodymium magnets on the outer surface of the drones. These electromagnetic-thrusters will

have a supercharging cable passing through the tethers, so when these tethers latch onto the drones

and they settle inside the docking ports, there will be immediate supercharging.

Fig 2.6.1.1 Created on Canva by Arinjay Ghosh

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Fig 2.6.1.2 Created by Arinjay Ghosh On Blender and Canva

Fig 2.6.1.3 Created by Ananya Phanse

Fig 2.6.1.4 Created by Ananya Phanse and Kabir Butee

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Fig 2.6.1.5 Created by Ananya Phanse and Kabir Butee

2.7 THRUSTERS

For space elevator & correctional thrusters: Ion thrusters (a type of spacecraft based mass driver

system).

Ion thrusters will be used as : They produce low thrust over long periods of time, and are highly

efficient.

Power -

1. Solar electric propulsion: Solar electric propulsion uses solar panels to generate electricity,

which is then used to ionise a propellant and accelerate it out of the spacecraft.

2. Electric propulsion: Electric propulsion uses electrical energy to ionise a propellant and

accelerate it out of the spacecraft. (for the extra energy produced by the settlement)

Type :

Hall effect thrusters will be used as correctional thrusters : These use a magnetic field to ionize and

accelerate propellant.

We will use colloid thrusters to power the main thruster propulsion, These use a liquid ionized

propellant instead of a gas, and are capable of producing higher thrust than traditional ion thrusters.

2.8 THE AEROFARM: THE FARM OF THE FUTURE

2.5.1 About

The aerofarm is a Kevlar balloon structure, supported by a carbon fibre frame. Its parts will

be constructed in the manufacturing unit in our settlement, and it will be brought and

assembled in situ by robots. After this, it will be connected to the settlement via the space

elevator.

2.5.2 Overview

The aerofarm is a floating farm, floating 50 km above the Venusian surface.

The carbon fibre frame and Kevlar balloon will be constructed in parts in the manufacturing

unit on the space settlement. Using the space elevator, it will be brought to Venus’s surface.

On the surface, it will be assembled using robots.

It will float passively, as breathable air is a floating gas in Venus. We will have correctional

hall thrusters, A type of ion thruster.

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2.5.3 Objectives

Short-term objective:

To conduct research and an experiment about a floating farm 50km above the Venusian

surface.

Long-term objective:

To build a colony - floating cities 50 km above Venus’s surface.

2.5.4 Distance -

Distance between the settlement and Venus - 400 km

Distance between Aerofarm and Venus - 50 km

Hence, distance between the Aerofarm and the settlement - 350 km

It is communicable and transportable.

2.5.5 Levitation -

“On Venus, breathable air (i.e., oxygen nitrogen mixture at roughly 21:78 mixture ratio) is a lifting gas.

The lifting power of breathable air in the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus is about half kg per

cubic metre. Since air is a lifting gas on Venus: the entire lifting envelope of an aerostat can be

breathable gas, allowing the full volume of the aerostat to be habitable volume. For comparison, on

Earth, helium lifts about one kg per cubic metre, so a given volume of air on Venus will lift about half

as much as the same volume of helium will lift on Earth.)”

On Venus, oxygen-nitrogen (21:78) mixture ratio is a lifting gas. The lifting power of breathable air in

atmosphere = ½ kg / m^3. As air is lifting gas, the entire air envelope can be breathable air.

*Credit: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030022668/downloads/20030022668.pdf

2.5.6 Materials for building -

Frame: Carbon Fibre

Balloon: Kevlar

2.5.7 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

The carbon fibre frame and kevlar balloon will be constructed in parts in the manufacturing

unit on the space settlement. Using the space elevator, it will be brought to the Venus

surface. On the surface, it will be assembled using robots.

For the air envelope, oxygen will be brought from the settlement, and nitrogen will be

obtained from the Venus atmosphere, by using a passive membrane separation technique,

as CO

molecules are smaller than N

molecules, passing more easily through a

semipermeable membrane.

Some of the CO

from the atmosphere will also be in the air envelope, for plant growth.

After the O

and N

air mixture is pumped into the kevlar balloon, and the structure is ready,

it will be allowed to float to the altitude of 50km, and upon reaching the altitude, it will be

stabilised using the thrusters.

Correctional thrusters will be hall thrusters, a type of ion thrusters.

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2.5.8 Internal Design

Drip irrigation will be used to water the plants, there is a water tank situated above the

actual farm, and using pipes we will irrigate the plants. For water production there is a Sabatier

reaction unit to make the aerofarm unit self-sufficient.

will be brought into the aerofarm using pumps, and it will be filtered using passive membrane

separation (as mentioned above) - for the Sabatier reaction.

There will be a space elevator to transport material to and from the unit, especially organic waste,

which will be used as manure and fertiliser for the soil.

The space elevator will be more extensively used in phase three (full floating colony), if phase 2 is

successful. It will then be used for people transport, etc.

2.5.9 AGRICULTURE –

Soil -

Preliminary analyses of the first soil samples taken of Venus, obtained by two Soviet spacecraft,

indicate that the planet's rocky surface is chemically similar to volcanic rock on the Earth.

The soil samples are extremely similar to volcanic Hawaiian soil.

Present - Volcanic Soil (Hawaiian)

Hilo soil is formed by material weathered from volcanic ash deposits and laval flows. They are highly

acidic soils, with a bright red colour, marking the Iron and Aluminium oxides present in them. They

can be found on the slopes of the Mauna Kea volcano, a volcano on the Island of Hawaii.

2.5.10 CROPS -

Crops that can be grown - Sugarcane, root crops, such as ginger, taro, and sweet potato; orchard

crops like macadamia nuts, avocados, coffee, bananas, and lychee.

2.5.11 DIMENSIONS –

1. Area of the Aerofarm platform = 250 x 10m

= 2500 m^2

2. Volume of 1m Thick Carbon Fibre – 2500 m

Density of Carbon Fibre = 1550kg/m

Mass = 3875 * 10

3. Soil Dimensions = 2500 * 0.15m thickness = 375m

Soil Density = 1200kg/m

Fig 2.5.8.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh and Aryaman Deshmukh on Blender

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Mass = 45 * 10

4. Water - 500 m

of water required per month

Thus : 5*10

5. Surface area of cylinder = 35000 m

6. Kevlar 1 m thickness =35000 m

Mass of Kevlar = 483 * 10

7. TOTAL MASS = 5.3125 * 10

kg.

8. 1m

of Breathable Air lifts 0.4kg

9. Thus 5.3125 * 10

kg needs how much volume?

Volume = 13.3 * 10

m^3

Cylinder Frame Dimensions -

V = 13.3 * 10^7 m^3

h=400m

r=205.6m

2.5.12 Nutrients -

Nutrients from Faecal Matter -

Adding manure to soil improves the soil's texture and water-holding capacity while providing nutrients

needed by growing plants.

Manure supplies nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, which speeds up decomposition and

lowers the pH of the soil. This helps the plants grow faster.

human-faeces-based fertiliser is known as biosolid.

The use of unprocessed human faeces as fertiliser is not safe practice as it may cause diseases.

Hence the biosolid will be processed before using it as a fertiliser for plants.

The dried solids contain about

13% carbon (C)

14–18% nitrogen (N)

3.7% phosphorus (P)

3.7% potassium (K).

Volcanic Nutrients Required

“Volcanic soil is so fertile because it is derived from both volcanic lava and volcanic ash, both of which

are rich in certain key nutrients, such as iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorous,

sulphur, silicon and many other trace elements, a rich combination that can act as a stimulant for

plant growth.

Most of the nutrients required to grow plants in this soil are already there in the soil itself.”

*Credit - https://www.scienceabc.com/*

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HUMAN FACTORS AND SAFETY

3.0 POPULATION DYNAMICS

Fig 3.0.1 Made by Vrinda Charkha on Meta-Chart

Gender Ratio -

The ratio of males to females will be 1:1.

Age Ratio -

We will send people from ages 21-50. There will be births

which will increase the population.

Number of People sent - 550

Maximum Capacity – 750

OCCUPATION

NUMBER

Mechanical engineers

80-90

Aero/dynamics engineers

40-50

Civil engineers

30-50

Electrical engineers

50-60

Chemical engineers

40-60

Computer engineers

50-60

Scientists

60-80

Doctors

10-20

Psychologists

3-5

Nurses

15-20

Geologists

40-60

Biologists

40-60

Teachers

5-10

Bankers

3-5

Lawyers

5-10

Administrative

3-5

Agriculturists

40-60

Miners

40-60

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3.2 SAFETY

DANGER

PROCEDURE

EVACUATION

Fire

The part of the torus under fire will be

evacuated and blocked from the rest of the

torus via a sliding wall lined with silica aerogel.

Vents in the ceiling will open, releasing AFFF

(Aqueous Film Forming Foam), open till the

danger has passed, then closing after the fire

is extinguished.

If the danger is extreme to the

point of evacuation, panels in the

residential torus will open,

exposing escape pods in which

the residents will be seated and

evacuated.

Similar panels will be positioned

in the sphere, from which people

can be evacuated if needed.

Violence

In case of violent outbreak the person/people

in focus will be under lockdown, separating

them from the rest till the danger passes.

3.2 COMMUNICATION

3.2.1 External Communication -

For external communication, Lazarus will use the help of satellites. Lazarus will have two

satellites at 90-degree angles, on either side of Venus from the settlement in the same orbit. The

satellites will travel at the same speed as the settlement so they will always remain at 90-degree

angles from the settlement. Thus, there will be no blind spots and our settlement will be in

constant contact with Earth. Two antennas will be present on the settlement itself, if the satellites

malfunction. These antennas won’t be shown on the exterior but it will be fit in the sphere. As

soon as we need these backup antennas they will come out of the sphere and take their position.

A chain of satellites will be used, which consists of Lazarus’ satellites, MEO [Medium Earth

Orbit] satellites and LEO [Low Earth Orbit] satellites to stay in contact with Earth. The satellites

will use high gain antennas which focus their radio waves to achieve a much stronger signal

when they reach the Meo satellites. The MEO satellites will in turn send signals to the LEO

satellites which will then send signals to Earth, therefore, successfully relaying messages to

Earth.

Fig 3.2.1.1 Created by Kabir Butee and Anushka Thakar on Canva

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3.2.2 Internal Communication -

Our settlement will be divided into 5 sectors. For Internal communication, we will be using landlines

and modern phones. A landline will be provided to each house and a satellite phone will be stationed

at the separation between 2 quarters of the torus.

Communicating through Landlines -

The landline wire is made with vanadium dioxide, as it is a good conductor of electricity but not a good

conductor of heat. This ensures that no electric fires and sparks will be created. The landlines will be

connected annually at circuits in between houses.

Wi-Fi -

A chain of Wi-Fi routers connected by wires made out of vanadium dioxide will be present on the

settlement. A main server will connect to sub routers, one sub router present in each of the five

sectors Lazarus is divided into. The main server is located in the sphere, with Wi-Fi range extenders

present in each sector for the residents to receive a stronger signal.

3.3 HYGIENE

3.3.1 - COMMODES

Commodes will have suction based flushing systems. The suction system will be aided by a

bleach filled liquid disinfectant which will also clean the toilet bowl after each flush.

The suction system uses cabin pressure to flush. The storage tank will be located in a place with

low pressure (3-4 PSI). A flap will be located below the toilet which will open on flushing. Due to

the tendency of air to move from high pressure to low pressure the air will automatically start

flowing from the toilet to the storage tank aided with the liquid disinfectant. After a duration of

about fifteen seconds the flap will automatically close.

3.3.2 - STEAM BATH

On Lazarus, instead of traditional showers, we will be using steam baths. Steam baths have

various health benefits such as lowering blood pressure and reducing joint stiffness, and

they are also more efficient in their water usage.

Duration for steam baths will be restricted to 7 minutes per person. Cleaning solutions will be

misted along with the steam to help the cleaning performance. Temperature of the steam

bath will be regulated according to the resident’s requirements. The bath will switch off

automatically after the decided time period finishes.

3.3.3 – SANITARY DISPOSAL

Each woman on the settlement will be provided with two menstrual cups; to be washed and reused in

the UV room situated in every bathroom in the rooms. To avoid mixing up the cups among the

women, each woman will be provided with a dish with their name on it to keep the cups in.

3.4 RECYCLING

3.4.1- URINE RECYCLING

The urine receptacle is connected to a pump that sends the urine to a storage tank. The urine

recycling starts after a certain amount is collected to improve efficiency. It is then released to be

further processed in stages as shown in the next page-

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Fig 3.4.1.1 Made by Anushka Thakar on Canva

FAECES RECYCLING

The faeces produced on Lazarus will be dehydrated, composted, processed and then stored for

some time until a certain amount of waste has been collected. The composted waste which has now

been converted to a fertiliser will then be sent to the Aerofarm where it will be used to promote the

growth of plants.

3.4.4 WASTE PRODUCED

TYPE OF WASTE

PRODUCED

(Average per person

per day)

AMOUNT

(Average per

person per day)

WASTE PRODUCED ON

SETTLEMENT

(Average per person per

day)

AMOUNT

(Average per

person per day)

solid wastes

0.45kg

solid wastes

338kg

liquid wastes

1.4kg

Liquid wastes

1050kg

3.5 SPACESUITS

IEVA SPACESUIT DESIGN

Designed for intra/extra vehicular activity, the spacesuit

will fit to size. Tapping a chip embedded in the fabric

near the chest region will compress the suit, making it

skin-tight.

Once on the settlement, the chip can be tapped again to

make it looser.

Fig 3.5.1 Designed by Ananya Phanse

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MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

MATERIALS

PROPERTY

Inner layer

Kevlar

Heat retention, micrometeorite puncture prevention, bullet proof properties

Polyurethane-coated nylon

Water resistance, strengthening suit, airtight properties: preventing leakage

of gases

Spandex

Skin-tight; cooling properties

Outer layer

Thermal Micrometeoroid

layer

Insulation, solar radiation protection, orbital debris shielding

3.6 ENERGY PRODUCTION

3.6.1 SOLAR ENERGY - generated via solar panels on the sphere

SOLAR PANELS ON THE SPHERE

Fig. 3.6.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh on Blender

3.6.2 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Infrastructure-

Robots

Transport

Residential Torii

Water purification systems

AI systems

50%

Industrial Purposes-

Manufacturing

Ore refining

30%

Agricultural torii

Fogponics

Harvesting

Labs

Transport

Storage

20%

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3.6.3 ENERGY PRODUCTION

Primary source -

The immense power of the sun present at Venus will be harnessed using 5kwH

monocrystalline solar panels covering an area of 56,705 m

(half the surface area of the

sphere). These highly efficient solar panels will produce around 9,00,000 kw of electricity per

month. In case of excess energy produced, it will be stored in rechargeable batteries located

in the energy sector of the zero gravity sphere.

Secondary source-

A fusion reactor will be located in the energy sector of the 0 gravity sphere which will act as

a secondary source of energy. Energy can be produced in fusion reactors using Deuterium.

We will obtain Deuterium from the Venusian surface. Part of this deuterium will be kept on

the settlement for energy production while the majority of it will be sent to earth where it will

be of high value as fusion energy will be widely used on earth by that time.

3.7 VITAMIN D PRODUCTION

Vitamin D will be a nutrient scarce at the location of the settlement. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium

and phosphorus in the body and also plays a role in maintaining proper bone structure.

We will obtain Vitamin D in three ways-

1. Mushrooms

2. Fish oil supplements

3. UV-B lamps

Mushrooms-

Mushrooms have very insignificant amounts of vitamin D unless we expose them to UV-B light rays.

Exposing mushrooms to UV-B light will boost vitamin D levels to amounts much more than needed.

We can increase the vitamin D in the mushrooms to levels of 5000 IU to 46000 IU and beyond. For

maximising the effect of the UV-B light rays, removing the stems and exposing the gills of the

mushrooms is necessary. Using some type of fat to cook the mushroom will increase the absorption

of vitamin D. We will be using the shiitake mushroom as it can produce the most amount of vitamin D

when exposed to UV-B light. Exposing shiitake mushrooms for 18 hrs will potentially boost the vitamin

D to levels of 200,000 IU.

Fish and fish oil supplements-

With the help of the stem cell method, fish and fish oil can be produced on the settlement.

Fish tissue cells will be extracted from the fishes on earth, preserved by means of cryopreservation

and then transported to the settlement. After obtaining fish, some will be kept for consuming purposes

while others will be used to make supplements by extracting their oil.

UV-B lamps-

Ultraviolet radiation is classified into three types

1. Ultraviolet A

2. Ultraviolet B

3. Ultraviolet C

Ultraviolet radiation of types A and C are not needed by the human body. Ultraviolet B rays are

required as it transforms cholesterol present in the body into Vitamin D3. However, Ultraviolet B rays

are required at a specific frequency to generate the present cholesterol into Vitamin D3. The skin

requires 297 nanometres of light to generate vitamin D3. If the lamp does not produce exactly 297

nanometres it will not help. Overexposure to ultraviolet B radiation can burn the skin and is harmful for

the skin, so the exposure to ultraviolet B rays should be controlled by a timer that switches off the

lamps. The lamps will be switched on for 15 minutes for 3-4 days a week.

This will generate a sufficient amount of vitamin D3 that is needed by the human body.

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3.7 ADMINISTRATIVE CHIP - LaBit

LaBit is the microchip that residents need to implant in their wrists before entering Lazarus.

LaBit: unique features -

1. Tracking the users daily health parameters

2. Notifying the health care facility in case of abnormalities

3. Emergency facilities will be alerted in case of health fluctuations

4. Access to various facilities and transactions

5. Ensuring that various facilities (eg. steam bath) are not exploited

3.8 HEALTH AND MEDICAL

3.8.1 CALORIE COUNT

WOMEN

MEN

AVERAGE %

Carbohydrates

1100

1650

55%

Protein

400

600

20%

Fat

500

750

25%

Average calorie count

2000

3000

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3.8.2 MINERALS AND SOURCE

MINERALS

SOURCE

Calcium

Green leafy vegetables

Phosphorus

Whole wheat breads, asparagus, tomatoes, cauliflower, legumes

Potassium

Dried fruits, potatoes, lentils, bananas, almonds, cashews, tomatoes, oranges, spinach, broccoli

Sodium

Vegetables

Chloride

Meat, seafood, olives, celery, lettuce

Magnesium

Green leafy vegetables and whole grains

Iron

Nuts, dry fruits, pasta or bread, legumes, green leafy vegetables, oats

Zinc

Blackberries, raspberries, blueberries, poultry, meat

Iodine

Tomatoes, iodized salt

Sulphur

Nuts, leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes

Cobalt

Nuts, green leafy vegetables, cereals

Copper

Nuts, seeds, chocolate

Fluoride

Potatoes, raisins, radish, lettuce

Manganese

Spinach, legumes, hazelnut and pecan

Selenium

Beans and nuts (Brazil nuts)

3.8.3 VITAMINS AND SOURCES

VITAMIN

SOURCE

Vitamin A

Leafy green vegetables, tomato, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, red bell pepper, eggs, milk,

mango, guava, turnip greens

Vitamin B

Broccoli, brussels sprouts, chickpeas, kidney beans, fish, meat, eggs.

Vitamin C

Citrus fruits, strawberries, potatoes, black currants, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower

Vitamin D

Fish oil, supplements, UV-B lamps

Vitamin K

Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, cereal grains.

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3.8.4 TEMPERATURE REGULATION

If heat increases -

We will use a two-loop system. It will comprise an internal loop as well as an external loop. The

internal loop will be water based; as water has a high specific heat capacity. Cold plates will be

present in this internal loop. The cold plates have a significant role as they transfer heat from the

machinery and electronic equipment to a liquid, in this case, water. The heat absorbed is then

transported to a heat exchanger (a device which transfers heat from one medium to another)

which is connected to the external loop. The external loop will consist of ammonia because a

water circulated loop outside on the exterior settlement would freeze quickly. From the heat

exchanger, ammonia works as heat carrying fluid and transfers it to the heat radiators which are

on the exterior of the settlement, which then radiate the heat into space. The heat radiators need

to be large for the cooling mechanism to be efficient as the heat transfer by radiation into space

is very slow.

If heat decreases-

In case the temperature falls, the thermostat will detect it. The heaters present in each sector will

bring the temperature back to the default settings.

3.9 EDUCATION

Education will be an important aspect at the settlement. The settlement will provide

education till the 12th year (senior year) and then will have tie ups with the top colleges such

as Stanford, Harvard, Oxford, etc. The student to teacher ratio will be around 20:1. The

teachers at the settlement will only teach subjects crucial for the functioning of the

settlement, such as- physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, astrophysics, etc. The people

of the settlement will mould the youth to follow their footsteps for the smooth and efficient

functioning of the settlement. A more hands-on education will be provided to the students,

for practical and creative learning. They will be encouraged to have and experiment their

own ideas and think out of the box.

3.10 ENTERTAINMENT

Zero Gravity Levitation Sport:

Each player will be given a broom which will be powered by a battery. They

will also have air brakes to help players control their broom. The golden

snitch and blungers will have radar systems implanted in them which will

help them to detect players and fly away/ towards them.

Web Swing:

A specialised suit will be worn by the user (body fit) which and tubes made

out of high tensile polyester filament coated internally with super glue will be

shot out of the web shooters near the wrists, like a web. When the user

shoots the tube out, the super glue will seep out of the tube allowing the user

to stick on the walls. The user can cut out the tube to stop the swing, and will

have boosters on the shoes to manoeuvre around.

Fig 3.10.1 Created by Ananya Phanse

Spider Crawl:

A spacewalk extravaganza! A body fit suit will be worn by the user, with spider-like giant legs

extending out the back. They will use vacuum seals to stick to the outer wall of the settlements,

and the user can manoeuvre around.

Space ball:

The players will have boots and gloves which will have boosters operating like iron man which will

help them manoeuvre in zero gravity situations. The ball will have impact sensors coated on the

interior which will allow the ball to measure the impact and boosters which will aid in the movements

of the ball.

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Theatres:

Movies released on the Earth will be sent to the settlement via satellites. The movies will then be

shown in the theatres at Lazarus.

Dramas:

Live dramas will also be held for the public at the community centre.

Live Performances:

The Community centre will host performances by Lazarus Residents, and an open stage, where

anyone can come and sing, perform as a band, play an instrument or do anything they like!

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SCHEDULE AND COST

4.1 SCHEDULE

4.1.1 PHASES

Phase 1- Construction of the settlement and aiming for it to run smoothly.

Phase 2- Sending 275 people on the settlement from Earth

Phase 3- Sending the next 275 people on the settlement from Earth

Phase 4- Construction of the aerofarm, 50 km above Venus surface and aiming for it to function

smoothly.

Phase 5- Construction of a floating colony above Venus surface helping reduce the exceeding

population of Earth.

4.2.1 COST

FIXED COST

ITEMS

COST

Construction of wireframe

$25,000,000,000(twenty-five billion)

Interior of residential torus

$32,000,000,000(thirty billion)

Interior of agricultural torus

$30,000,000,000(thirty-two billion)

Interior of sphere

$35,000,000,000(thirty-five billion)

Manufacturing of drones and bots

$6,000,000,000(six billion)

Docking facilities

$27,000,000,000(twenty-seven billion)

Materials

$15,000,000,000(fifteen billion)

Solar Panels

$8,000,000,000(eight billion)

Space Elevators

$30,000,000,000(thirty billion)

Aerofarm

$40,000,000,000(forty billion)

TOTAL

$248,000,000,000(two hundred and forty-eight billion)

YEARLY COST

ITEMS

COST

Maintenance

$2,000,000,000(two billion)

Electricity

$500,000,000(five hundred million)

Minerals

$2,000,000,000(two billion)

Transport

$1,000,000,000(one billion)

Salaries for Earthians

$100,000,000(hundred million)

Salaries for the population of the settlement

$20,000,000(twenty million)

TOTAL

$5,620,000,000(five billion and sixty two million)

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4.2.2 CURRENCY

Salaries will be paid to the people working at the settlement. A new currency will be initiated

on the settlement called Layla which will operate much like the currencies on Earth.

The currency exchange values -

EARTH

LAYLA

1 USD

160 La

1 INR

2 La

1 GBP

200 La

Since the value of Layla is low (being a new currency), the economy will be quite low. The

cost can fluctuate as the economy increases or decreases

Fig 4.2.2.1 Created by Arinjay Ghosh on Canva

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4.2.3 FUNDS

Options

Initial

investment

Revenue and Maintaining

cost

Repayment

Investors as

though we are

a private

company

They will invest and

sponsor the project

The data collected on the

settlement will be sold to Earth

and the entertainment provided

will earn the project revenue.

From the revenue earned,

maintenance cost will be used

and profit will be sent to the

shareholders as per agreement

Repayment to

the shareholders

Government